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We The Kings Official Online Store. ![]() If you don't see it, don't forget to check your spam folder. Still didnt get it? Ouça músicas de We, The Kings como 'Sad Song (Feat. Elena Coats)', 'Say You Like Me', 'Check Yes Juliet', 'She', 'Any Other Way', 'From Here To Mars' e todas as. We the Kings is an American rock band from Bradenton, Florida. The band's self-titled full-length debut album, released in 2007, included the platinum single "Check.
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Fandom: Stargate: Atlantis. Relationship: Meredith Mc. Kay/John Sheppard. Genre: Romance, Rule 6. Alternate Universe. Word Count: 1. 4,9. Warnings: Explicit Language. ![]() ![]() Author’s Note: DADT never existed in this world, and LGBT people can serve openly in the military with no real issues to be had. I just didn’t feel like dealing with that utter bullshit. There is no major character death in this story. I don’t do that. Summary: John deals with family and Meredith makes a discovery about Carson Beckett that forces her to return to Colorado.– – – –John couldn’t really say why he’d left the Mountain and driven to a small park in downtown Colorado Springs to have the conversation he was about to have. It was the middle of the day, so there were a few people having lunch but school was in session, he thought but wasn’t entirely certain. He figured smallish children were in school the first part of May at least. It was in the high sixties, so he’d left the base in a lightweight jacket. He’d been staring at his phone since he’d sat down. The first few days back in Colorado, he’d been focused on settling details including recruiting a Marine Captain by the name of Laura Cadman to his officer corps. She’d been at Area 5. He’d discovered she’d been sent to Washington so he’d asked O’Neill to get her back as he figured the only reason a munitions expert had been transferred to the office in Washington had something to do with how good she looked in dress uniform. He hated sexist shit like that, but more, he really liked people of any gender who liked to blow shit up. He scrolled through the address book on his phone and selected his father’s name. ![]() When it comes to drugs in baseball, most of the talk has centered around steroids. But Aderall was Aubry Huff's drug of choice and it had a devastating impact on him. News Girls Swim Clinches 18th Consecutive League Title, 200th in School History 27th Annual Mothers Club Fashion Show Celebrates Class of 2017. A President’s Credibility Trump’s falsehoods are eroding public trust, at home and abroad. Out of all photographers and artists on Empty Kingdom, Chinese photographer Li Hui has probably been featured on Empty Kingdom the most. This is currently her 6th. Why is there something rather than nothing? Why expect nothing rather than something? No experiment could support the hypothesis Depeche Mode announced this morning that they have added a record-breaking fourth night at the Hollywood Bowl! 18 and tickets go on sale Friday. The world’s first comprehensive climate agreement set nation-by-nation goals for emissions of greenhouse gases and created a fund to help poorer nations comply. Last updated 02/2017 Book information on Home page Glossary. The following Buddhist terms are mainly based on the Foguang Dacidian (Buddha's light dictionary. It rang twice before it was answered.“This is Patrick Sheppard.”John’s stomach tightened at the sharpness of his father’s voice.“Hello?”“Hey Dad,” John murmured and exhaled sharply. He hadn’t told his father or brothers about his assignment in Nevada because it was classified, and his current situation was no different. I’m going into an assignment in a few weeks that won’t allow me to communicate with anyone outside of command for the next year or maybe two.”“You were. That you were MIA for so long they declared you dead.”“I can do my job, Dad,” John said. You don’t answer emails. Matt says you haven’t called him at all.”John had no excuse for that. His relationship with Matt had always been good—even when he’d run full tilt from the house to escape his father’s expectations and their mutual grief over the death of his mother. He wasn’t sure he wanted to. There are lots of moving parts and personalities in play.” He focused on the bustling water fountain in front of him.“You could be so much more. I really don’t want another lecture about my potential and how I’m wasting my life in uniform. Sure, I could have some cushy job in academics or research, but it wasn’t what I wanted. I never wanted it, and I’m way past the age where I’m required to even pretend that I’d be okay living your dream.”“I just want you to be safe,” Patrick snapped then sighed. David wants to talk to you.”“If he’d like to apologize for fucking my wife, again. I was never really angry about that part, you know.” He rubbed the back of his head. Maybe I was just angry in general.”“Nancy told me that you didn’t. Stayed married to her and watched them pine after each for the next decade?”“No, of course not, but,” Patrick began then paused. He huffed a little as if he were frustrated, and John wondered what he’d interrupted. My job is dangerous, yes, but I’m not suicidal. Maybe that was in me at the start for a lot of reasons, but it’s not here now. I fought like hell to live, to get home.”“I wish I’d known then what I know now,” Patrick murmured. It’s not what your mother would’ve wanted.”“But it was what I wanted,” John said defiantly. Heroic as fuck actually. He really understands loyalty and what it means to serve. I trust him.”“You trusted that asshole in Afghanistan, too.”“That asshole in Afghanistan moved heaven and earth to rescue me when he found out I was a hostage, Dad,” John reminded him. Right now he’s at home sleeping a lot.”“Well, school was pretty rough on him,” John murmured. I don’t know how to tell Matt that I’m okay and that being held hostage really didn’t fuck me up the way he thinks it should’ve. The therapist assured me that I’m not a sociopath.” He grinned when his father laughed a little. I love her and I always will, but somewhere along the way, I stopped wanting her, and I don’t think I was ever in love with her. I didn’t know it, Dad, because, Christ, if I did I’d have never married her to begin with.”Patrick groaned. His father was right, he needed to make peace with his brother because it would be a fucked up situation to leave unsettled if he were to die in another galaxy. I can’t promise anything, but I’ll call David. Not today, but soon.”“This number that you called me from is it your personal phone?”“It’s my assigned cell phone for the next four and half weeks, but I’d prefer to call David. I just need to prepare for that conversation, but Matt can call the number whenever he wakes up and becomes a human being again.”“I can’t give it to one without giving it to the other,” Patrick said. I slept little on the plane, and my schedule is tight. I’ve got a great executive officer, and my admin is a force of nature, so they’re getting the mission in order with my questionable oversight.”Patrick laughed. You’ve always preferred the straightforward type.”“Oh, she shoots from the hip,” John said. She’s pretty intolerant of anything remotely stupid or what she thinks is stupid which would cover a wide variety of topics. I’ve never met anyone as smart as she is.”“Interesting considering how much of your life you spent around some of the smartest people in this country,” Patrick pointed out. John hummed under his breath. At any rate, I’m taking it slow because I’m not sure what she wants on the relationship front and I don’t want to crowd her because I’ve got a feeling she’s encountered that a lot in her life.”“Well, I hope your patience is rewarded,” Patrick said with amusement. I hope they’re happy.”“I honestly can’t tell if they are. You know they’re both very good at putting up a front.”“Thanks, Dad, just pile on the guilt,” John muttered and thumped his heels against the rock he was sitting on.“Honestly, John, you’re the only one in this situation who has nothing to feel guilty about,” Patrick said. I have a meeting in about an hour that I haven’t bothered to prepare for.”“Take care of yourself,” Patrick said. She was considering having it cut above her shoulders before the mission, but Miko Kusanagi was good at cutting hair so she knew that she could get it cut whenever needed and going to a salon wasn’t really an option at the moment. Reining in Carson Beckett and the gene research project had become a genuine pain in her ass, and she wasn’t entirely certain she could blame Weir for all of it. Beckett was a smart man, but he was stubborn and more than willing to step over ethical lines to get results. The peer council she’d created for him was floundering a bit regarding the amount of information he had thrown at them in a temper. She’d culled two- thirds of it almost immediately and reset their priorities. He’d lodged several complaints with Weir, but the woman had taken the lesson Colonel Sheppard had delivered to heart. After fixing herself some coffee, she used the elevator to go up to the dome for the meeting she’d scheduled between herself, Helen Simpson, Beckett, and Weir. Simpson was the leader of the peer council she’d set up for the gene research, and she’d pitched a truly unbecoming fit over the animal experimentation. Meredith wasn’t fond of mice, but he’d already killed over forty with his research experiments so far, and the man was currently lobbying for a primate of some sort to use as a human analog. She snagged a muffin from the canteen and settled in at the conference table in the room across from Weir’s office. Simpson was already seated at the table and frowning at something on her laptop. Meredith split her muffin as she watched the other woman and finally sighed.“Helen.”“He’s. She’d known going into the meeting that Weir expected her to do the heavy lifting, and, really, it was her job so she only sort of resented it. The mess with Beckett was Weir’s fault, and Mc. Kay felt like she was entitled to be a bit peeved about the whole thing. That her own assumptions had gotten them to this point was a bitter pill to swallow. She should’ve paid more attention to Elizabeth Weir and the work the woman had done before joining the SGC.“The peer council I assigned to review your research has some serious concerns about your methods, Carson.” Meredith set her tablet down on the table in front of her. The SGC has a long- standing policy against experimentation on primates specifically. Simpson, as the head of biology, has some serious concerns about your animal experimentation as you’ve killed every single specimen you’ve used as a test subject.“During your last phase of testing on Therapy 2. D, you injected forty mice with your gene cocktail, and all forty died.”“I needed a large sample group,” Carson protested. I need to be able to measure the success of the new therapy I’ve created with Colonel Sheppard’s gene.”“And what would you consider a success?” Meredith questioned and raised an eyebrow when Simpson’s foot knocked against hers under the table. The woman fidgeted a lot, so she didn’t think that Helen specifically wanted her attention but shot her a glance anyway. Helen was staring pointedly at her laptop.“If seventy- five percent of the specimens survive then I would consider it a success.”“And at that point what would be your recommendation?” Mc. Why George Washington Matters Of LifeDonald Trump 2. 01. George Washington, “America First,” and Isolationism. For all the lamentation about the level of rhetoric in this Trumped- up election year, the race between Donald Trump and all- but- certain Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton is already shaping up to be a debate over America’s global role of the kind we haven’t had for decades, perhaps since the last “America First” movement of the late . And it is a debate that some foreign- policy experts suggest is long overdue, even if it tends to distress U. S. Or as he put it, in an obvious reference to the failed invasion of Iraq and intervention in Libya, America should abandon the “dangerous idea that we could make Western democracies out of countries that had no experience or interest in becoming a Western democracy.” Brazenly calling his agenda “America First”—never mind that was the name of the notorious pre- World War II isolationist movement—he also directly challenged the 7. World War II global order that America created. He suggested that the world needs America far more than the other way around, and he effectively warned U. S. I am skeptical of international unions that tie us up and bring America down.”Predictably, Trump’s views have outraged commentators who lament the allusions to the prewar, anti- Semitism- laced isolationism of Charles Lindbergh and other members of the America First movement. His statements have also invited mockery from allies of Clinton, who as a pro- interventionist former secretary of state sees Trump’s turn away from the world as a naive and dangerous anachronism. Madeleine Albright, a mentor to Hillary on foreign policy and, as a refugee from Nazi Germany, a lifelong and passionate advocate of the idea that America is the “indispensable nation” in overseeing global order, accused Trump of historical illiteracy. He doesn’t always make sense when he talks about foreign policy, calling at once for steadiness and unpredictability, a military buildup and a major war on ISIS but also restraint in the use of U. S. In March, he embraced NATO in one interview and then declared it “obsolete” six days later. He speaks of upgrading “NATO’s outdated mission and structure—grown out of the Cold War—to confront our shared challenges, including migration and Islamic terrorism,” without appearing to understand that NATO has been engaged in that very enterprise for at least a decade, especially in Afghanistan. He is cavalierly dismissive of the international alliance- and- trading system that grew up in the ruins of World War II, and which many experts would say helped to win the Cold War and preserve American dominance. He has also said things so offensive—openly embracing torture and other war crimes, such as killing the wives and children of terrorists, promising to ban all Muslims from entering the U. S. Some of his proposals, like imposing 4. Chinese goods, could seriously disrupt or even destroy the world trading system, causing a global depression. But Trump is also correct in suggesting that the current global system is an aberration in American history, and he is persuasive in arguing that it may not be sustainable forever under current conditions, and America should focus more on fixing our own economic house for a long time to come (a view shared, incidentally, by Barack Obama, who loves to say “it’s time to focus on nation- building at home”). And to what end exactly? This is also arguably true. From Bosnia to Kosovo to Iraq, America has bounced around from idea to idea and intervention to intervention—from the idea of “humanitarian war” to the idea of “preventive war.” There is nothing even close to the ragged consensus that existed over Cold War containment. So Trump may be an “id with hair,” as Hillary Clinton calls him, but at least when it comes to his foreign policy views, he’s an all- American id. His “America First” campaign theme has far deeper roots in the history of this country than most pundits are acknowledging. Indeed, Trump shouldn’t be dismissed as a mere apostate in his view of America’s role in the world; against the backdrop of all 2. America’s existence, he represents more a reversion to the American norm. Trump, in condemning one of the worst instances of American overreach in U. S. She is the well- wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own.” Adams went on to warn, somewhat presciently, America should know that “once enlisting under other banners than her own, were they even the banners of foreign independence, she would involve herself, beyond the power of extrication, in all the wars of interest and intrigue, of individual avarice, envy, and ambition, which assume the colors and usurp the standard of freedom. The fundamental maxims of her policy would insensibly change from liberty to force.” Read today: Iraq. Trump is consciously invoking this tradition— hence his line about the futility of trying to forcibly transform nations, like Iraq—and the Adams allusion was quite intentional, a senior Trump campaign official told me. George Washington summary: A name that stands out in US history more than many others is George Washington. George Washington was the first president of the United. Among them were a “Hamiltonian emphasis on having financial independence through manufacturing,” and “seeking to avoid complex foreign entanglements.”Most modern internationalists, both Democratic and Republican, have long since relegated John Quincy’s injunction to history, that of a 1. America that was still a developing country and wanted only to be left alone. The internationalists have been, until now, so dominant and sure of themselves and the postwar system that in recent years no one has questioned it (though the unilateralist George W. Bush administration did an effective job of largely ignoring its institutions—especially NATO—in its first term). Unwinding this system today is almost unthinkable: American power overlays every region of the planet, and it supplies the control rods that restrain belligerents and arms races from East Asia to Latin America (if not always successfully, as we’ve seen in the Mideast and Afghanistan). Nor does Trump appear to be going so far as to say he wants to withdraw from the global system—“To all our friends and allies, I say America is going to be strong again. America is going to be a reliable friend and ally again,” he said in his speech—but he does seem willing to renegotiate the terms and conditions for it, as well as America’s role in it.* * *When Adams gave his “monsters abroad” speech, he was only channeling the fundamental beliefs of the Founders, starting with his father, John Adams, and his mentor, Thomas Jefferson, who warned against “entangling alliances” abroad. And of course George Washington, who wrote in his farewell address on Sept. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison): “Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course. Why, by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor or caprice? It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world .. And yet that’s exactly what we’ve got 2. Washington’s declaration, tons of them—not to mention permanent membership in global organizations such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization that we Americans had the largest hand in creating. Princeton scholar John Ikenberry, author of Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order, says that starting in 1. United States added a new ally—a nation with which it had some kind of security relationship—every five years or so. Why George Washington Matters Set![]() ![]() Today, it has a total of 6. Soviet bloc. Thanks in part to this system, a quarter century after the Cold War, the U. S. That is highly unusual in the history of great powers, which in the past have always provoked new rivalries and alliance- building against them. The overall prosperity created by this worldwide system, despite the inequities of globalization, has provided a powerful and enduring motivation for nations to remain part of it. In order to gain power and influence, countries must prosper; in order to prosper, they must join the international economy. Everyone inside this international system gets richer and stronger, while everyone outside it grows relatively weaker and poorer. Even Russia and China appear to realize this, which is one reason why Vladimir Putin’s fitful efforts to form a permanent “balancing” alliance with Beijing never amount to much, another boon to Washington. WINCHESTER, Va.-If Mudcat Saunders were running things he would never have approached bringing his beloved Democratic Party together by uninviting one faction of the. Why did Washington cross the Delaware? Watch our 27-minute feature animated presentation to learn the whole story. Find out more about the history of George Washington, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more. Get all the facts on HISTORY.com. Changing the Game Project took a look at the research to discover why kids are burning out so young and what parents can do to reverse this growing trend. George Washington (22 February 1732 – 14 December 1799) was the successful Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to. In an era in which campaign rhetoric can become government policy, it’s worth considering something Donald Trump said the other day at a campaign event. Why Donald Trump Needs to Take a Salary. There’s a reason the Framers wanted the president to get paid—and if their logic was good enough for George. Maybe this vast, expensive global order was necessary against Hitler, and later Stalin, Khrushchev and Brezhnev—the very real threats of tyranny, totalitarianism and international communism in the 1. It’s also fair to ask—as Trump does, in his blunt way—whether U. S. Even Obama calls them “free riders.” According to a report by NATO last summer—mentioned by Trump in his speech—only five of the 2. NATO members are meeting the alliance’s goal of spending 2 percent of their gross domestic product on defense: the U. S. The flat- out opening of capital and labor markets to lower cost competitors abroad has plainly helped create an angry dispossessed middle class that no longer feels connected to their own economy. In his usual way this week, flirting with incoherence, Trump again promised a simplistic but enticing cure, declaring at a rally: “We will be the smart country from now on, not the dummies, OK? Not the dummies, because this is a movement that's going on.” Translated, what Trump is calling for is nothing less than a return to an American normalcy that frankly has always been somewhat isolationist—or at least extremely leery of overinvolvement abroad. Trump would prefer to return home, unless we can make a profit by dunning our allies and trade partners. Port Manteaux Word Maker. Port Manteaux churns out silly new words when you feed it an idea or two. Watch Manhunt 2016 Online Free. Dodie & Cheryl Get Hitched (2016) A Beautiful World. The Guitar Amp (2016) New York State of Mind (2016) Tenfold (2016). Renee Beisswanger, secretary/treasurer, and members David Brokus, Laura Campbell, Lisa Leighton, Rob Lunger, Dodie Mead, Lynn Miller, and Brian Paulhamus. The quickie a promo edition Download the quickie a promo edition or read online here in PDF or EPUB. Please click button to get the quickie a promo edition book now. Lathika's Wedding Elses Wedding Cheryl Wedding Dainty Wedding Anne Wedding Subo's Henna Aimen Mehndi. Cheryl Wheeler and Patty Larkin, 8 p.m. ![]() Home; About Me; Contact Me; 2017 Book Recommendations. Book Recommendations 2016; 2015 Recommendations; 2014 Book Recomendations; 2013 Book Recommendations. Your own Pins on Pinterest. This reminds me of "Dodie". The little bird hitched a ride on its mother’s back as she. 9780230010451 0230010458 Get Real! Amp amparan ampc ampella amperage ampere amperes ampersan ampex ampex Gehenna: Where Death Lives (2. I saw this at the Sydney's A Night of Horror film festival in November 2. Hiroshi Katagiri and two of the film's stars were in attendance. The premise is not original but the movie itself rocks. Building the tension over the first 3. Gehenna the plot really branches out on its own. The most harrowing thing about this film is that all the events could have been avoided if the characters had simply shown a little common sense. Some of the acting is a little hammy but that can be forgiven in light of how good the script is. Lighting and mood pacing are top notch and there are some genuinely good scares thrown into the mix. The twist is superb and even has a further twist upon that (you'll understand when you see it). Hopefully will get a wide ranging cinema release which it deserves. Learn about Geenna original meaning using the New Testament Greek Lexicon - New American Standard. Gehenna – Where Death Lives – is a high-quality independent horror film, co-written, directed, and produced by longtime special makeup effects artist, acclaimed. Gehenna, also called Gehinnom, abode of the damned in the afterlife in Jewish and Christian eschatology (the doctrine of last things). Named in the New Testament in. Gehenna is the GRA variant of the Shishkebab, a flaming melee weapon which sets the target on fire upon impact. It appears to run on fuel from. Lyrics to "Gehenna" song by Slipknot: Do you Believe? Do you Fade like a Dream? Let me hear you BREATHE Let me watch as you sleep The S.
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Sheol, Hades, and Gehenna. One of the most crucial issues which determines our understanding of what the Bible teaches about death and the afterlife is the proper. The word "Gehenna" is properly translated "hell" in the King James Bible. Sacred and Profane Love (Italian: Amor Sacro e Amor Profano, also called Venus and the Bride) is an oil painting by Titian, painted c. Facebook. To help personalize content, tailor and measure ads, and provide a safer experience, we use cookies. By clicking or navigating the site, you agree to allow our collection of information on and off Facebook through cookies. Amor Sacrosantos![]() Learn more, including about available controls: Cookies Policy.
Amor sacro e amor profano (Sacred and profane love). Among them there was Cardinal Scipione Borghese’s art collection. Titian’s most mysterious painting. Amor sacro y amor profano, de Tiziano. AMOR SACRO Y AMOR PROFANOde. Tiziano. La escena. En torno a una fuente en mitad del campo, dos. A. comienzos del siglo XVI, en pleno Renacimiento, al recuperar el estudio del. Por tanto, las dos muchachas representar. Entre ellas se encuentra Cupido, el amor, que. El encargo. Sin embargo en la actualidad, a tenor de los. El enlace matrimonial pretend. En. consecuencia, el sentido de la pintura cambiar. Mientras que la figura de la. El uso del color es igualmente excepcional, con una amplia tonalidad y. Algo, por otra parte, muy usual en la Italia del. Renacimiento, donde se recuperaron y reutilizaron muchas obras de . Sin embargo este detalle implica una dualidad muy sugerente, el sarc. Aparece dividido en dos escenas muy. A la izquierda una regi. A la derecha una regi. Who would you die for? And would you ever kill? I’m falling so I’m taking my time on my ride,I’m falling so I’m taking my time on my ride. I’ve been thinking too much,Help me. I’m falling so I’m taking my time on my ride,I’m falling so I’m taking my time on my ride. I’ve been thinking too much,Help me. Now featuring Everun, the ride 9 delivers our signature neutral running experience with more energy return than ever before. Everly is a dramatically more lively and responsive material positioned closer to the foot via top sole construction, providing smoother landings in the heel and reduced pressure in the forefoot. The ride 9 truly makes every mile feel as effortless as your first. We offer a wide range of running and walking shoes, each with the Saucony trademark fit, feel and performance. We've spent years studying the biomechanics of top athletes. To develop creatively engineered systems that maximize your performance in your specific activity, allowing you to focus on the activity instead of the equipment. From our studies have come many innovative Saucony concepts. Advanced technologies- like Grid, the first sole- based stability and cushioning system- -provide an advantage to athletes of all types.
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The song features vocals from American R&B singer. Searching for the perfect international lovers items? Shop at Etsy to find unique and handmade international lovers related items directly from our sellers. International Lovers (2018) International Lovers (2018). International CLK-Lovers, Elmshorn. 1,424 likes · 30 talking about this. For all fans of the 208 and 209 from all over the world. Beren Saat International Lovers. 739,840 likes · 340,922 talking about this. This Page About Beren Saat And Like And Support The Page To Know Every Thing. There are approximately 2. Coffee was traditionally developed as a colonial cash crop, planted by serfs or wage laborers in tropical climates on large plantations of landowners for sale in colonial countries. Coffee producers, like most agricultural workers around the world, are kept in a cycle of poverty and debt by the current global economy designed to exploit cheap labor and keep consumer prices low. An estimated 1. 1 million hectares of the world's farmland are dedicated to coffee cultivation. The largest producer and exporter is Brazil, followed by Colombia, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Mexico. Around the globe, the annual consumption of coffee has expanded to 1. For more information about the history of Latin America and coffee, see Coffee and Power by Jeffrey Paige (in bibliography)What role does coffee play in the US economy? A: Coffee is the US's largest food import and second most valuable commodity only after oil. According to the International Coffee Organization, the US imported 2. September 2. 00. 1 to September 2. The US primarily purchases coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Guatemala, and Vietnam. In recent years, new caf. Turn to NASDAQ as your comprehensive source for Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) quote data, articles, tools, and resources for ETF trading. 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The single most influential factor in world coffee prices is the weather in Brazil. Droughts and frosts portend shortages of coffee and the price increases. Specialty coffee is often imported at a negotiated price over the C market, which is considered a 'quality premium'. Most of those premiums never reach the coffee farmer, but rather stay in the hands of the exporter. This creates a disincentive for farmers to increase their quality, as they do not receive the direct benefits of increased investment in producing better coffee. ![]() What is the commodity chain of the coffee industry? A: Coffee is an extremely powerful commodity, reigning as the world's most heavily traded product, behind petroleum, and the largest food import of the United States. The global commodity chain for coffee involves a string of producers, middlemen, exporters, importers, roasters, and retailers before reaching the consumer. Coffee is a vital source of export for many of the developing countries that grow it. Some 2. 0 million families in 5. Arabica and Robusta are the two principle species of coffee harvested today. Approximately 7. 0% of the world's production is the Arabica bean, used for higher- grade and specialty coffees, and 8. Latin America. Robusta is grown primarily in Africa and Asia. Most small farmers sell directly to middlemen exporters who are commonly referred to as coyotes. These coyotes are known to take advantage of small farmers, paying them below market price for their harvests and keeping a high percentage for themselves. In contrast, large coffee estate owners usually process and export their own harvests that are sold at the prices set by the New York Coffee Exchange. However, extremely low wages ($2- 3/day) and poor working conditions for farmworkers characterize coffee plantation jobs. Importers purchase green coffee from established exporters and large plantation owners in producing countries. Only those importers in the specialty coffee segment buy directly from the small farmer cooperatives. Importers provide a crucial service to roasters who do not have the capital resources to obtain quality green coffee from around the world. Importers bring in large container loads and hold inventory, selling gradually through numerous small orders. Since many roasters rely on this service, importers wield a great deal of influence over the types of green coffee that are sold in the US. There are approximately 1. US today. Large roasters usually have one blend of recipes and sell to large retailers - the Big Three (Kraft, which owns Maxwell House and Sanka, owned by Philip Morris; Procter & Gamble, which owns Folgers and Millstone; and Nestle) maintain over 6. Microroasters, or those who roast up to 5. Most roasters buy coffee from importers in small, frequent purchases. Roasters have the highest profit margin in the value chain, thus making them an important link in the commodity chain. Retailers usually purchase packaged coffee from roasters, although an increasing number of retailers are also roasting their own beans for sale. The Specialty Coffee Association of America estimated that there are 1. Chains represent approximately 3. However, supermarkets and traditional retail chains are still the primary channel for both specialty coffee and non- specialty coffee, and they hold about 6. Around the globe, the annual consumption of coffee is 1. U. S. Typically, Fair Trade farmers cultivate less than 3 hectares of coffee and harvest 1,0. Small farmers are perhaps more aptly defined by those farmers who rely principally on their own families' labor. This makes Fair Trade potentially representative of an estimated 7. Many coffee farmers receive prices for their harvest that can be less than the costs of production, forcing them into a cycle of poverty and debt. They are often forced to sell to middlemen who pay them half the market price, generally between $. Family farmers usually bring in a cash income of $5. What are the labor problems and working conditions in the coffee industry? A: Conditions for coffee workers on large plantations varies widely, but most are paid the equivalent to sweatshop wages and toil under abysmal working conditions. In Guatemala for example, coffee pickers have to pick a 1. A recent study of plantations in Guatemala showed that over half of all coffee pickers don't receive the minimum wage, in violation of Guatemalan labor laws. Workers interviewed in the study were also subject to forced overtime without compensation, and most often did not receive their legally- mandated employee benefits. The total average income reported was Quetzales 1. According to 1. 99. Guatemala's National Institute of Statistics, the cost of the Basic Food Basket for a family of five was 1. Quetzales per month ($1. The Basket of Goods and Services (including food, education, healthcare, clothing, and transportation) was Q2. Because of this situation, many coffee workers bring their children to help them in the fields in order to pick the daily quota. These child workers are not officially employed and therefore not subject to labor protections. While children in most rural families work at an earlier age than urban children, a February 4 investigative report by ABC- affiliate KGO television in San Francisco revealed children as young as 6 or 8 years old at work in the fields. We believe that the best way to prevent child labor in the fields is to pay workers a living wage. Working conditions on these plantations are harsh; as migrant farmworkers, many workers sleep in temporary shelters with rows of bunk beds. Many times they cook, wash and bathe from the same water source. The study of coffee plantations in Guatemala revealed that only 1. Most were not provided with legally- mandated adequate health care. Most coffee workers, like many agricultural workers around the world, are not guaranteed their basic labor rights including the right to organize. The rural nature of farmwork makes them especially vulnerable to threats and coercion, as plantation owners can take advantage of their control over the workforce to keep them from organizing into unions to demand their rights. Many countries have adequate labor laws such as minimum wage, mandated health and safety requirements, and freedom to form a union, but these rights are usually not enforced. What are some of the environmental issues, like pesticides and biodiversity, with coffee production? A: Coffee farming originally developed in Africa as an understory crop beneath diverse shade trees that provided habitat for wildlife such as birds, butterflies, insects, and animals. Traditional farmers usually use sustainable agricultural techniques including composting coffee pulp, rotating crops, and not applying expensive chemicals and fertilizers. In addition, they usually cultivate food alongside cash crops, and intercrop other plants such as banana and nut trees which provide food security as well as additional sources of income. In the 1. 97. 0s and 8. Green Revolution, the US Agency for International Development and other groups gave $8. Central America to replace traditional shade grown farming techniques with 'sun cultivation' techniques in order to increase yields. This resulted in the destruction of vast forests and biodiversity of over 1. This type of industrial coffee farming leads to severe environmental problems, such as pesticide pollution, deforestation and the extinction of songbirds through habitat destruction. The Smithsonian Institute has identified industrial coffee production as one of the major threats to songbirds in the hemisphere due to deforestation - the birds no longer have a habitat in which to live. Soil and water sources continue to be severely degraded by many coffee farms, as coffee pulp is often dumped into streams. In addition to the harmful effects on the environment caused by the use of chemical pesticides and herbicides in coffee cultivation, workers are also at risk of drinking contaminated water and being poisoned by pesticides. For these reasons, many bird, tree, and biodiversity conservationists have developed standards for promoting . The Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, as well as Rainforest Alliance and the Seattle Audubon Society, all promote various labels of coffee that promote tree and bird conserving farming practices. In addition, many consumers are committed to purchasing organic coffee in order to promote sustainable farming techniques in poor countries. Surrogacy - Wikipedia. This article is about a type of pregnancy. For other uses of the word . Monetary compensation may or may not be involved in these arrangements. If the surrogate receives money for the surrogacy the arrangement is considered commercial surrogacy, if she receives no compensation beyond reimbursement of medical and other reasonable expenses it is referred to as altruistic. Some couples or individuals wanting a child in this manner but who live in a jurisdiction which does not permit surrogacy in the circumstance in which they find themselves may travel to another jurisdiction which permits it. There are two main types of surrogacy: gestational surrogacy and traditional surrogacy. In the United States, gestational surrogacy is more common than traditional surrogacy and is considered less legally complex. If the intended father's sperm is used in the insemination, then the resulting child is genetically related to the intended father and genetically related to the surrogate. If donor sperm is used, the resulting child is not genetically related to either intended parent(s) but is genetically related to the surrogate. In some cases, an insemination may be performed privately by the parties without the intervention of a doctor or physician. In some jurisdictions, the 'commissioning parents' using donor sperms need to go through an adoption process in order to have legal rights in respect to the resulting child. Many fertility centers which provide for surrogacy assist the parties through the process. Gestational surrogacy. Gestational surrogacy may take a number of forms, but in each form the resulting child is genetically unrelated to the surrogate: the embryo is created using the intended father's sperm and the intended mother's eggs. The resulting child is genetically related to both intended parents. The resulting child is genetically related to the intended father. The resulting child is genetically related to the intended mother. Such an embryo may be available when others undergoing IVF have embryos left over, which they donate to others. The resulting child is genetically unrelated to the intended parent(s). Surrogacy centers. These agencies can help make sure that surrogates are screened with psych evaluations and other medical tests so as to ensure healthy deliveries. They also usually facilitate all legal matters concerning the two parties (intended parents and surrogate). History. Babylonian law and custom allowed this practice, and infertile woman could use the practice to avoid a divorce, which would otherwise be inevitable. She was the product of the first successful IVF procedure. Although the media referred to Brown as a . He continued his work with surrogacy through his Infertility Center, through which he created the contract leading to the Baby M case. The surrogate and biological mother, Mary Beth Whitehead, refused to cede custody of Melissa to the couple with whom she made the surrogacy agreement. The courts of New Jersey found that Whitehead was the child's legal mother and declared contracts for surrogate motherhood illegal and invalid. However, the court found it in the best interest of the infant to award custody of Melissa to the child's biological father, William Stern, and his wife Elizabeth Stern, rather than to Whitehead, the surrogate mother. In California, gestational carrier Anna Johnson refused to give up the baby to intended parents Mark and Crispina Calvert. The couple sued her for custody (Calvert v. Johnson), and the court upheld their parental rights. In doing so, it legally defined the true mother as the woman who, according to the surrogacy agreement, intends to create and raise a child. Latin American fertility specialists convened in Chile to discuss assisted reproduction and its ethical and legal status. The Chinese Ministry of Health banned gestational surrogacy because of the legal complications of defining true parenthood and possible refusal by surrogates to relinquish a baby. The Chinese government increased enforcement of the gestational- surrogacy ban, and Chinese women began coming forth with complaints of forced abortions. Surrogacy has the potential for various kinds of clash between surrogate mothers and intended parents. For instance, the intended parents of the fetus may ask for an abortion when complications arise and the surrogate mother may oppose the abortion. As a result, the legal situation varies considerably. Many countries do not have laws which specifically deal with surrogacy. Some countries ban surrogacy outright, while others ban commercial surrogacy, while allowing altruistic surrogacy. Some countries allow commercial surrogacy, with few restrictions. Some jurisdictions extend a ban on surrogacy to international surrogacy. One of the problems is the rules that should apply in regard to the intending parents. For example, should normal rules applicable to adoptions apply or should it be unregulated, as it is in some countries. As of 2. 01. 3, places where a woman could legally be paid to carry another's child through IVF and embryo transfer included India, Georgia, Russia, Thailand, Ukraine and a few U. S. In some jurisdictions, they are void or prohibited, and some jurisdictions distinguish between commercial and altruistic surrogacy. What, if any, difference does it make whether the surrogacy is traditional or gestational? Is there an alternative to post- birth adoption for the recognition of the intended parents as the legal parents, either before or after the birth? Although laws differ widely from one jurisdiction to another, some generalizations are possible: The historical legal assumption has been that the woman giving birth to a child is that child's legal mother, and the only way for another woman to be recognized as the mother is through adoption (usually requiring the birth mother's formal abandonment of parental rights). Even in jurisdictions that do not recognize surrogacy arrangements, if the genetic parents and the birth mother proceed without any intervention from the government and have no changes of heart along the way, they will likely be able to achieve the effects of surrogacy by having the surrogate mother give birth and then give the child up for private adoption to the intended parents. If the jurisdiction specifically prohibits surrogacy, however, and finds out about the arrangement, there may be financial and legal consequences for the parties involved. One jurisdiction (Quebec) prevented the genetic mother's adoption of the child even though that left the child with no legal mother. Even jurisdictions that do not prohibit surrogacy may rule that surrogacy contracts (commercial, altruistic, or both) are void. If the contract is either prohibited or void, then there is no recourse if one party to the agreement has a change of heart: If a surrogate changes her mind and decides to keep the child, the intended mother has no claim to the child even if it is her genetic offspring, and the couple cannot get back any money they may have paid or reimbursed to the surrogate; if the intended parents change their mind and do not want the child after all, the surrogate cannot get any reimbursement for expenses, or any promised payment, and she will be left with legal custody of the child. Jurisdictions that permit surrogacy sometimes offer a way for the intended mother, especially if she is also the genetic mother, to be recognized as the legal mother without going through the process of abandonment and adoption. Often this is via a birth order. These orders usually require the consent of all parties involved, sometimes including even the husband of a married gestational surrogate. Most jurisdictions provide for only a post- birth order, often out of an unwillingness to force the surrogate mother to give up parental rights if she changes her mind after the birth. A few jurisdictions do provide for pre- birth orders, generally in only those cases when the surrogate mother is not genetically related to the expected child. Some jurisdictions impose other requirements in order to issue birth orders, for example, that the intended parents be heterosexual and married to one another. Jurisdictions that provide for pre- birth orders are also more likely to provide for some kind of enforcement of surrogacy contracts. Citizenship. The Hague Conference Permanent Bureau identified the question of citizenship of these children as a . Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, for the child to be a U. S. In other words, the only way for the child to acquire U. S. Further, in some countries, the child will not be a citizen of the country in which he/she is born because the surrogate mother is not legally the parent of said child. This could result in a child being born without citizenship. The Northern Territory has no legislation governing surrogacy. Intended parents must meet certain qualifications, and will go before a family judge before starting their journey. As long as they meet the qualifications, the court appearance is procedural and will be granted their application. At present, intended parents must be in a heterosexual partnership or be a single female. Females must be able to prove there is a medical indication they cannot carry and be no older than 5. As in all jurisdictions, surrogates must pass medical and psychological tests so they can prove to the court that they are medically and mentally fit. What is unique about Greece is that it is the only country in Europe, and one of only countries in the world where the surrogate then has no rights over the child. The intended parents become the legal parents from conception and there is no mention of the surrogate mother anywhere on hospital or birth documents. The intended parent(s) are listed as the parents. This even applies if an egg or sperm donor is used by one of the partners. |